In this complex Medicare fraud case, the United States appeals from the district court's order granting a judgment of acquittal or, alternatively, a new trial, after a jury had convicted Appellees on three counts of mail fraud and fraud against the government. The government argues that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to issue the order because the motions were filed outside the time limits for post-verdict motions prescribed in Rules 29 and 33 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, and that the district court's order was wrong on the merits as well. Because the district court plainly lacked jurisdiction to entertain these post-verdict motions, we VACATE its order and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

* The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are straightforward. This case began in September of 1997 when a federal grand jury in the District of Montana returned a sixteen-count indictment against defendants Mahendra Pratap Gupta, three other natural persons, Allegheny Management Company ("Allegheny"), and ten other companies involved in providing home healthcare services and supplies. In essence, the indictment charged the named defendants with having created a scheme to defraud Medicare based upon violations of the "related party" regulation1 by use of false claims, straw owners, and other deceptive actions to conceal the close relationship between the various persons.2

On July 20, 1998, the case was transferred to the Southern District of Florida pursuant to Rule 21 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. The district court then ordered the trial of four defendants3 severed from the trial of Mahendra Pratap Gupta and six companies. After the district court had dismissed thirteen counts of the indictment, the case proceeded to trial on October 25, 1999, against the remaining defendants — Mahendra Pratap Gupta, Edward J. Quinlan, and Kuldeep K. Hajela, and the remaining six companies, Allegheny, Cardinal, Marshall, Atlantic, West Coast, and Treasure Coast — on the three remaining counts: conspiracy to defraud Medicare, 18 U.S.C. § 286, and two counts of mail fraud, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1342.

At the close of the government's case, the district court granted defendant Hajela's motion for a judgment of acquittal and reserved ruling pursuant to Rule 29(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure4 on the motions of the remaining eight defendants. On November 5, 1999, the jury acquitted defendant Quinlan, but convicted Mahendra Gupta and the six companies, finding them guilty as charged.

The same day, on November 5, 1999, the district court granted the defendants' request for an extension of "at least three weeks" to file post-verdict motions. The entire exchange went as follows:

MR. SONNETT: Your honor, may I ask for an extension of time to file post trial motions.

THE COURT: Certainly, how much time do you need.

MR. SONNETT: Given my calendar, I'd like to ask for at least three weeks.

THE COURT: That's fine.

On November 29, 1999, Allegheny filed its only post-trial motion for judgment of acquittal, and on December 3, 1999, Gupta and the other five defendant companies filed motions for a judgment of acquittal, or alternatively, for a new trial. On January 27, 2000, the district court denied all of the pending post-trial motions on the merits.

Sentencing was continued several times after that. A year later, on January 25, 2001, Gupta and five of the defendant companies5 moved the court to reconsider its earlier denial of judgments of acquittal or, alternatively for a new trial, based on information not previously available. On October 1, 2001, Gupta and five of the six companies filed additional materials with respect to what they termed their renewed motions for judgment of acquittal or a new trial.

Finally, on October 16, 2002 — almost three years after the original motions for a judgment of acquittal and a new trial had been filed, and some thirty-three months after denying these motions — the district court granted the Rule 29 and 33 motions, even for defendant Allegheny, which had never filed further motions after the district court's January 27, 2000 denial of its November 29, 1999 post-trial motion for judgment of acquittal.

The government appealed, arguing first that the district court had no jurisdiction to entertain the motions for a judgment of acquittal or for a new trial because of the time limits contained in Rules 29 and 33, and that, in any event, the court erroneously granted the motions on the merits. We do not reach the merits since we agree that the court was without jurisdiction to grant the motion to reconsider its denial of the earlier motions for judgment of acquittal or new trial.

The government makes a threefold argument that the district court lacked jurisdiction to entertain the Rule 29 and 33 motions it eventually granted. First, it claims, the time extension granted to the defendants was for an uncertain period, thus violating the requirement that extensions be granted only for a time certain. Second, it says that even if the court properly granted the defendants extra time to prepare the motions, they did not file their motions for judgment of acquittal and new trial within that extended time period. Finally, the government urges that even if the original motions were timely filed, considered, and denied, Gupta's motion to reconsider and renewed motion were made far outside any possible allowable time period. Because we are persuaded by the last of these arguments, we conclude that the district court indeed lacked jurisdiction to entertain the renewed motions and, therefore, vacate the order granting the untimely verdicts, reinstate the jury's verdicts, and remand for sentencing.

We review de novo the district court's interpretation and application of statutory provisions that go to whether the court has subject matter jurisdiction. Chaney v. Tenn. Valley Auth., 264 F.3d 1325, 1326 (11th Cir.2001) (per curiam). Factual findings made by the district court with respect to jurisdiction, however, are reviewed only for clear error. United States v. McPhee, 336 F.3d 1269, 1271 (11th Cir.2003).

Rule 29(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure contains strict time limits for the filing of post-verdict motions, either for a judgment of acquittal, or renewing a motion for acquittal on which the district court had reserved ruling under Rule 29(b). Such motions must be filed within seven days after a guilty verdict, or within whatever additional time the court may allow, provided the extension is granted within that same seven-day time frame after the verdict.6 Further, Rule 33 provides two ways in which a new trial can be granted post-trial.7

In its order, the district court said that the defendants had requested and the court had granted an extension of time to file post-trial motions, finding that the "initial motions were timely filed within the period set by the court." This ruling by the trial court effectively resolved the question of fact as to how much time the court had granted to the defendants to file post-trial motions. All parties agree that this particular ruling is reviewed only for clear error. See McPhee, 336 F.3d at 1271. The record supports this finding. On November 5, 1999, the defendants requested and the district court granted an extension of three weeks.8 Since Rule 29(c)(1) allowed the defendants seven days to file post-trial motions, the request for an extension of three weeks can fairly be interpreted as a request for a total of 28 days up to and including December 3, 1999, which the court granted on the day of the verdict.9 Thus the district court's finding that the motions filed on November 29, 1999 and December 3, 1999 were timely is not clearly erroneous.10

Even though we conclude that the motions of November 29 and December 3, 1999 were timely filed, these motions were denied on the merits on January 28, 2000. At that time nothing remained to be done, except the sentencing of the convicted defendants. Yet Gupta and five of the convicted companies (excluding Allegheny) filed a motion a year later, on January 25, 2001, asking the district court to reconsider its denial on January 27, 2000 of the Rule 29 motions. Then, on October 1, 2001, Gupta and the five companies filed a Motion of Submission and Supplemental Memorandum concerning their renewed motion for a judgment of acquittal, or in the alternative, for a new trial. After still another year had passed, on October 16, 2002, the district court entered its orders granting judgments of acquittal and, alternatively, granting a new trial.

On this appeal, the defendant must show that the motion to reconsider and renewed motion were timely and proper. We hold that they were not. See Carlisle v. United States, 517 U.S. 416, 422, 426, 116 S. Ct. 1460, 1464, 1466, 134 L. Ed. 2d 613 (1996) (citing and quoting United States v. Smith, 331 U.S. 469, 473, 67 S. Ct. 1330, 1332, 91 L. Ed. 1610 (1947)); United States v. Bramlett, 116 F.3d 1403, 1406 (11th Cir. 1997) (citing and quoting United States v. Hall, 854 F.2d 1269, 1271-72 (11th Cir. 1988)); Fed.R.Crim.P. 29(c), 33(b)(2), 45.

The district court's power to act is sharply constrained by the relevant rules of criminal procedure. Indeed, time limits for post-verdict motions are older than the Federal Rules themselves, which were enacted in 1944. See Smith, 331 U.S. at 473, 67 S. Ct. at 1332 ("Generally speaking, the power of a court over its judgments at common law expired with the term of Court ... There was, however, a three-day limitation on the right to move for a new trial." (internal citations omitted)). The original Rule 2 — which has been amended only once in 2002, for purely stylistic reasons — states that the criminal rules "shall be construed to secure ... the elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay." Fed.R.Crim.P. 2 (1944). To permit the unlimited renewal or reconsideration of fully decided motions would needlessly tie up judicial resources and seriously delay the final disposition of cases. Doing so would undermine both the language and purpose of the Rules. As the Supreme Court explained in Smith:

The trial judge is given power by the Rules to entertain motions for new trial within five [now seven] days after verdict and may extend that time for so long as he thinks necessary for proper consideration of the course of the trial. But extension of that time indefinitely is no insurance of justice. On the contrary, as time passes, the peculiar ability which the trial judge has to pass on the fairness of the trial is dissipated as the incidents and nuances of the trial leave his mind to give way to immediate business. It is in the interest of justice that a decision on the propriety of a trial be reached as soon after it has ended as is possible, and that decision be not deferred until the trial's story has taken on the uncertainty and dimness of things long past.

331 U.S. at 475-76, 67 S. Ct. at 1334.

This case is a perfect example of the kinds of problems that may result when the time limits prescribed by the Rules are ignored. Had sentencing gone forward after denial of the initial motions on January 27, 2000, an appeal on the merits could have been heard and decided two years ago. Instead, sentencing and any subsequent appeals must now proceed some four years later.

In Carlisle, the Supreme Court definitively ruled that a motion for a judgment of acquittal filed one day after the seven-day limit was untimely and, therefore, vacated the order granting an acquittal to Carlisle. 517 U.S. at 433, 116 S.Ct. at 1470. The Court held that a literal reading of the texts of Rule 29(c) and Rule 45(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure must be adhered to.11 The Court observed that "[w]hether the action of the District Court here is described as the granting of an untimely motion, or the sua sponte entry of a judgment of acquittal, it contradicted the plain language of Rule 29(c), and effectively annulled the 7-day filing limit" and was therefore improper. Id. at 426, 116 S. Ct. at 1466. This holding put the treatment of Rule 29's time limits in line with the Court's Rule 33 decision in Smith, 331 U.S. at 469, 67 S. Ct. at 1330. The Court cited Smith, observing:

"It would be a strange rule ... which deprived a judge of power to do what was asked when request was made by the person most concerned, and yet allowed him to act without petition," and such an arrangement "would almost certainly subject trial judges to private appeals or application by counsel or friends of one convicted." The same is true here.

Carlisle, 517 U.S. at 422, 116 S. Ct. at 1464 (quoting Smith, 331 U.S. at 474, 475, 67 S. Ct. at 1333). This language undercuts the defendants' contention that sua sponte consideration of judgments of acquittal should somehow be treated differently from those initiated by one of the parties to the suit, especially in light of the restrictions embodied in Fed.R.Crim.P. 45.

Simply put,

These Rules are plain and unambiguous. If, as in this case, a guilty verdict is returned, a motion for judgment of acquittal must be filed, either within seven days of the jury's discharge, or within an extended period fixed by the court during that 7-day period. There is simply no room in the text of Rules 29 and 45(b) for the granting of an untimely postverdict motion for judgment of acquittal....

Id. at 421, 116 S. Ct. at 1464.

Following Carlisle, we faced a situation quite similar to the facts of this case. In United States v. Bramlett, 116 F.3d 1403, 1405 (11th Cir.1997), the defendant moved for a new trial three days after being convicted of arson. The district court denied this motion. Id. Two months after the denial, Bramlett filed for "reconsideration" of this ruling. Id. The district court granted the motion, characterizing it as a "renewed" motion. Id. On appeal, we held that a renewed motion for a new trial, when made outside of the post-verdict seven-day period and outside of any extension granted during that period, was barred. Id. at 1406. We observed that "[t]he question thus becomes whether the district court had the power to construe Appellee Bramlett's March 25, 1996 filing as a `renewed' motion for a new trial that somehow related back to his timely filing. The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and case law interpreting those rules establish that district courts do not possess any such power." Id. at 1405-06 (footnote omitted). We went on to say:

Inasmuch as the district court in the present case construed Bramlett's memorandum as a renewal of the first, timely motion for a new trial, it impermissibly granted an extension outside the seven-day period prescribed by Rule 33. A district court may not disregard the jurisdictional limitations imposed by the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure in this manner.

Id. at 1406.

The clear holding of Bramlett, then, is that post-verdict renewed motions filed outside the seven-day period and any extension granted during that period are untimely. Because the motion to reconsider in the case before us was filed one year after the denial of the original timely motions, the district court lacked jurisdiction to consider it.12 In United States v. Hall, 854 F.2d 1269 (11th Cir.1988), we had earlier held that:

Rule 33 clearly states that a court may only grant an extension of the seven-day period during those first seven days. Rule 45 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, which describes a trial court's authority to enlarge the time periods set forth in Rule 33, stresses that "the court may not extend the time for taking any action under [Rule 33] except to the extent and under the conditions stated in [the rule]." Following these clear instructions, our court has ruled that, after the expiration of the seven-day period prescribed in Rule 33, a district court no longer has jurisdiction to "enter an order purporting to enlarge the time within which" a defendant can file such a motion. The trial court in this case could not ignore these time limitations.

Id. at 1271-72 (internal citations omitted). Hall did not involve a renewed motion or a motion to reconsider, but rather an attempt to file a Rule 33 motion after the seven-day period on the ground of newly discovered evidence. It nonetheless also made clear our concern with attempts to circumvent the time limits clearly prescribed in the Rule.13

All the parties and the district court in this case agree that the issuance of the judgments of acquittal was not based upon newly discovered evidence, and did not rely on the three-year period permitted by Rule 33(b)(1). The fact that the trial court relied upon our decision in United States v. Whiteside, 285 F.3d 1345 (11th Cir. 2002), to explain the merits decision to grant judgments of acquittal does not relieve the court of the obligation to adhere to the Rules' unambiguous time limits. Questions concerning the application of Whiteside to the facts of this case can be addressed on merits appeal following the imposition of sentences.

In sum, our case law makes it abundantly clear that motions to reconsider or renew Rule 29 or 33 motions are not permissible if they are filed outside the seven-day post-verdict period or outside an extension granted during that seven-day period. Here the defendants' renewed motions were made many months outside the allotted seven-day period and the extension granted by the district court. Any judgment made so long after the end of the trial, and long after the time prescribed by the Rules, was likely subject to the "uncertainty and dimness of things long past" that Smith warned against. The time periods prescribed by the Rules and unambiguous case precedent forbid us from allowing the entry of judgment of acquittal or the order for a new trial to stand. Accordingly, we vacate its judgment, reinstate the jury's verdicts, and remand for sentencing.

Finally, the government urges that, upon remand, this case should be reassigned to a different judge from the one who presided over the trial and granted the Rule 29 and 33 motions. In deciding whether it is necessary to reassign the case to another judge on remand, we consider "(1) whether the original judge would have difficulty putting his previous views and findings aside; (2) whether reassignment is appropriate to preserve the appearance of justice; (3) whether reassignment would entail waste and duplication out of proportion to gains realized from reassignment." United States v. Torkington, 874 F.2d 1441, 1447 (11th Cir.1989) (citation omitted). We see no indication that the experienced district judge who tried this case would have any problem following the mandate of this Court, or that the appearance of justice would be disserved by allowing him to continue to preside over this case. Surely, a judge grossly biased against the government would not have denied the initial Rule 29 and 33 motions.

The government says, nevertheless, that if the case is remanded, the result — a supposedly too-light sentence — would be "preordained." We disagree. First, it seems strange to claim that the trial judge is likely to rule in an ominously predictable manner when he has already demonstrated his willingness to reconsider his previous rulings. Second, even if the judge were to impose the same sentence he suggested he would give in the previous sentencing hearing, there is no reason to doubt his judgment or impartiality. Consistency in the pursuit of justice is no vice. Moreover, an appeal of any sentence imposed is a possibility under 18 U.S.C. § 3742, should the government or the defendants have grounds. Finally, reassignment to a new judge would require significant and unnecessary use of judicial resources.

VACATED AND REMANDED.